Continuous nonprescribed use of heroin, morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, meperidine, tramadol, carfentanil or fentanyl over a 6 month or longer period is indicative of Opioid Use Disorder. It can be evidenced by :
IV skin tracks
Skin popping scars from prior or current abscesses
Prior detox/maintenance treatment records
ER/hospital discharge records for opioid drug overdose
Drug Screen Tests using Urine, Saliva, Blood, Sweat, Hair, or Interstitial Fluid. (methods to sense analytes include lateral flow/dip sticks, electrochemistry, or others)
Opiate withdrawal symptoms and signs -COWS assessment
CURES report indicating if there are any prescribed controlled substances – compared to drug screen results.
Biomarkers of opiate dependency. – EEG, Metabolic profile, fMRI, and others
Legal records of opiate use
Continuous opiate level monitoring