Subtypes of AD
- DIAD – Dominantly inherited Alzheimer’s Disease (APP, Presenilin 1, or Presenilin 2 pathological variants)
- Trisomy 21 = Down’s Syndrome – resulting in 3 APP genes.
- ApoE4 homozygotes
- ApoE4 heterozygotes with high polygenic risk scores –Molecular, Cellular, and Brain Organoid models
- Sporadic Non ApoE4 and non DIAD
- Rare Sporadic Recessively inherited Alzheimer’s Disease (SORL1 or TREM2)
- Mixed Dementia cases involve -Alzheimer’s Disease along with FTD-frontotemporal lobe dementia, LBD -Lewey body disease, CAA- Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, LATE – Limbic-predominant Age-related TDP-43 Encephalopathy, Vascular Dementia, Parkinson’s Disease, and/or Other Neurodegenerative Diseases.
Stage models for Alzheimer’s Disease :
- 3 Stage Model
- 7-Stage Model (Global Deterioration Scale)
- Biomarker-Based 3-Phase Model (NIA-AA 2011 Criteria)
- Braak Staging Model
Testing, Imaging, or Continuous Monitoring
- Cognitive Assessments including MiniMental Status Exam
- ApoE genotyping and Polygenic Risk Factor Assessment
- Biomarker testing : Blood pTau217, CSF markers or under development
Imaging
Treatments
- Lithium Orotate – Glycogen Phosphate Kinase beta inhibitor
- Polyphenols – Anti protein aggregation treatments – ie CAGAN treatment
- Probiotic Nutritional Fibers : Ferulic Acid
- Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids
- Superoxide Anion Antioxidants
- Vitamin D3 and K2 combination
- Vitamin B12
- Incretins – GLP-1 – GIP agonists
- BACE1 aspartate protease inhibitors,
- Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitors
- Anti amyloid protein antibody injections
- Plasminogen protein infusions
- Vaccinations
- SGLT2 inhibitors
- C1q complement cascade -Inhibitors or Enhancers