Intracardiac device – Pacemaker and Debfibrillator
Blood Biomarkers for Hypertension
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Components: Plasma renin activity and aldosterone are traditional biomarkers for hypertension, reflecting renal and hormonal regulation of blood pressure.
Catecholamines and Metabolites: Norepinephrine and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) are elevated in secondary hypertension due to excessive catecholamine production.
Inflammatory Markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) are associated with hypertension and its vascular consequences.
Lipid Markers: LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) are associated with the onset of hypertension and increased cardiovascular risk.
Metabolic Markers: Increased levels of amino acids such as branched-chain amino acids (valine, alanine) and changes in glucose metabolism (HbA1c) are seen in hypertensive individuals.
Natriuretic Peptides: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels can reflect heart strain and organ damage due to high blood pressure.
Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Function Markers: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) indicate endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
Albuminuria: Elevated urinary albumin/creatinine ratio is linked to vascular and renal damage in hypertension.
Novel Protein Biomarkers: CHI3L1, LDL receptor, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and PCSK9 are emerging markers associated with hypertension.