Spike protein – binds protein palmitoylation proteins ( GCLGA7, ZDHHC5)
Orf 3a and 3b – Forms homotetrameric potassium sensitive ion channels (viroporin) and may modulate virus release. Up-regulates expression of fibrinogen subunits FGA, FGB and FGG in host lung epithelial cells. Induces apoptosis in cell culture. Downregulates the type 1 interferon receptor by inducing serine phosphorylation within the IFN alpha-receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1) degradation motif and increasing IFNAR1 ubiquitination Involved in escort independent budding. binds HOPS complex, and STOML2
Envelope proteinCentral role in viral morphogenesis and assembly. Interacts with membrane protein Behaves like a viroporin. Promotes apoptosis
Membrane protein– Central role in viral morphogenesis and assembly. Interacts with envelope proteins. binds solute carrier family proteins, and ER morphology proteins.
Orf 6 – Disrupts interferon signaling by preventing nuclear import of proteins. Disrupts cell nuclear import complex formation by tethering karyopherin alpha 2 and karyopherin beta 1 to the membrane. Retention of import factors at the ER/Golgi membrane leads to a loss of transport into the nucleus. Thereby prevents STAT1 nuclear translocation in response to interferon signaling, thus blocking the expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) that display multiple antiviral activities. binds nuclear pore proteins