Experimental Treatments
Viral RNA polymerase (nsp12) replication/transcription Enzyme inhibitors or g/sg RNA terminators/mutators:
- Tempol – Free radical removes the Fe4S4 iron clusters in the NSP12 replicase and inhibits activity
- Pralatrexate
- Azithromycin
- Purine Nucleotide AT-527 from Atea Pharmaceuticals .
- Favipiravir=?polymerase inhibitor (teratogenic and embryotoxic),
- NHC (β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine-5′-isopropyl ester) or prodrug EIDD-2801 , Emory University – Ridgeback + Merk :MK-4482/EIDD-2801=mutator,
- Zinc=enzyme inhibitor(elongation + template binding inhibitor),
- Ribavirin , Cidofovir, Abacavir, Valganciclovir/Ganciclovir, Stavudine and Entecavir = terminators
Spike protein Neutralization or Receptor Binding Blockade :
- Monoclonal Antibody 47D11, Sorrento Therapuetic’s Triple Antibody-COVI-SHIELD, AstraZeneca monoclonal antibody. Convalescent Serum, Phage capsules, Human recombinant soluble ACE-2 protein, Giffithsin, Anti-ACE-2 Antibodies, and ACE-2 binders that inhibit binding to the Spike protein (ie. HDAC inhibitors panobinostat, givinostat hydrochloride monohydrate, CAY10603 and sirtino )
- VEGF-A / Neuropilin Receptor Blockade or Post Receptor System Activation Inhibition. via EG00229(involved in Pain signaling)
- Cepharanthine binds Spike receptors and inhibits binding to ACE2 receptors
- Fenofibrate
Locking Viral Spike protein in the S conformation and inhibiting its binding to ACE-2 Receptors :
Viral Main/3CL Protease (nsp5) inhibitors:
- Ebselen,
- Disulfiram/Antabuse,
- Pfizer’s lead drug– PF-07321332 shows 90 percent prevention of hospitalization when given with ritonavir
- China/Frontier Biotech’s 11a compound.,
- Boceprevir,
- GC-376,
- calpain inhibitors II, XII, 6j,h .
- Nelfinavir HIV protease inhibitor
Viroporin (nsp4 and nsp6) inhibitors :
Viral Papain Like protease (nsp 3) inhibitors :
- Disulfiram/Antabuse, GRL0617/24, 3k and 3j, Hypericin, EGCG, InSilico Agents, Compound 6, 7724772, 6577871, and Zinc
Endonuclease N/GN7 methyl transferase (nsp 14) inhibitors :
Endonuclease C (nsp15) inhibitors :
- Ciclesonide (also a steroid anti-inflammatory agent.)