The selected 31 SNPs, their closest genes, their log hazard ratio estimates, and their conditional p-values in the final joint model, after controlling for effects of gender and APOE variants.

SNP	Chromosome	Position	Gene	β (log HR)	Conditional p-value in −log10
ε2 allele	19		APOE	−0.47	>15.0
ε4 allele	19		APOE	1.03	>20.0
rs4266886	1	207685786	CR1	−0.09	2.7
rs61822977	1	207796065	CR1	−0.08	2.8
rs6733839	2	127892810	BIN1	−0.15	10.5
rs10202748	2	234003117	INPP5D	−0.06	2.1
rs115124923	6	32510482	HLA-DRB5	0.17	7.4
rs115675626	6	32669833	HLA-DQB1	−0.11	3.2
rs1109581	6	47678182	GPR115	−0.07	2.6
rs17265593	7	37619922	BC043356	−0.23	3.6
rs2597283	7	37690507	BC043356	0.28	4.7
rs1476679	7	100004446	ZCWPW1	0.11	4.9
rs78571833	7	143122924	AL833583	0.14	3.8
rs12679874	8	27230819	PTK2B	−0.09	4.2
rs2741342	8	27330096	CHRNA2	0.09	2.9
rs7831810	8	27430506	CLU	0.09	3.0
rs1532277	8	27466181	CLU	0.21	8.3
rs9331888	8	27468862	CLU	0.16	5.1
rs7920721	10	11720308	CR595071	−0.07	2.9
rs3740688	11	47380340	SPI1	0.07	2.8
rs7116190	11	59964992	MS4A6A	0.08	3.9
rs526904	11	85811364	PICALM	−0.20	2.3
rs543293	11	85820077	PICALM	0.30	4.2
rs11218343	11	121435587	SORL1	0.18	2.8
rs6572869	14	53353454	FERMT2	−0.11	3.0
rs12590273	14	92934120	SLC24A4	0.10	3.5
rs7145100	14	107160690	abParts	0.08	2.0
rs74615166	15	64725490	TRIP4	−0.23	3.1
rs2526378	17	56404349	BZRAP1	0.09	4.9
rs117481827	19	1021627	C19orf6	−0.09	2.5
rs7408475	19	1050130	ABCA7	0.18	4.3
rs3752246	19	1056492	ABCA7	−0.25	8.4
rs7274581	20	55018260	CASS4	0.10	2.1

Genetic assessment of age-associated Alzheimer disease risk: Development and validation of a polygenic hazard score – PMC

Human complement receptor type 1 (CR1) protein levels and genetic variants in chronic Chagas Disease | Scientific Reports

Integrated healthy lifestyle even in late-life mitigates cognitive decline risk across varied genetic susceptibility – PubMed

Brain change trajectories in healthy adults correlate with Alzheimer’s related genetic variation and memory decline across life – PubMed

Assessing polyomic risk to predict Alzheimer’s disease using a machine learning model – PubMed

• ApoE4
• GFAP = glial fibrillary acidic protein
• CXCL17

Complement Receptor 1 (CR1) and Alzheimer’s Disease | Sino Biological

Lifestyle Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease is influenced by both non-modifiable factors (like age and genetics) and a wide range of modifiable lifestyle risk factors. Addressing these lifestyle choices can significantly lower the risk or delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.

Key Lifestyle Risk Factors

1. Physical Inactivity

• Sedentary lifestyle is associated with increased risk.
• Regular physical activity helps maintain brain health and cardiovascular function.

2. Unhealthy Diet

• Diets high in saturated fats, processed foods, and sugar can increase the risk.
• A Mediterranean or DASH-style diet is associated with lower risk.

3. Smoking

• Smoking increases inflammation and vascular risk, which are linked to Alzheimer’s.
• Quitting smoking can reduce risk regardless of age.

4. Excessive Alcohol Consumption

• Heavy drinking damages brain cells and increases risk.
• Light-to-moderate alcohol intake may be protective, but excessive use is harmful.

5. Poor Sleep

• Chronic sleep deprivation or sleep disorders (like sleep apnea) are linked to higher Alzheimer’s risk.
• Good sleep hygiene is beneficial.

6. Social Isolation and Lack of Cognitive Activity

• Limited social contact and low levels of mental stimulation elevate risk.
• Social engagement and cognitive activities (reading, puzzles, learning) are protective.

7. Uncontrolled Chronic Illnesses

• Poor management of conditions like:
  • High blood pressure
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • High cholesterol
  • Obesity
  All these raise Alzheimer’s risk, impacting both vascular and brain health.

8. Untreated Hearing Loss or Vision Loss

• Both hearing and vision loss, when unaddressed, are associated with cognitive decline.

9. History of Head Injury

• Traumatic brain injuries—even mild, repeated hits—raise the lifetime risk of developing Alzheimer’s.

10. Air Pollution Exposure

• Chronic exposure to air pollution, especially traffic exhaust, is linked to higher dementia and Alzheimer’s risk.

Multiple Healthy Behaviors Markedly Lower Risk

Adhering to several positive lifestyle factors (like being physically active, eating well, not smoking, moderating alcohol, and engaging the mind) can reduce Alzheimer’s risk by up to 60%. The benefit increases as more healthy habits are combined.

Summary Table: Lifestyle Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s

Risk Factor	Effect on Risk	Notes
Lack of physical activity	Increases	Exercise is protective
Unhealthy diet	Increases	Mediterranean/DASH best
Smoking	Increases	Any age, quitting helps
Excessive alcohol	Increases	Moderate/low may help
Poor sleep	Increases	Sleep hygiene important
Social and cognitive inactivity	Increases	Socializing, puzzles help
Chronic diseases (uncontrolled)	Increases	BP, diabetes, cholesterol
Untreated hearing/vision loss	Increases	Corrective devices help
Head injuries	Increases	Protect head, avoid falls
Air pollution	Increases	Minimize exposure

Takeaway

Making healthy lifestyle choices—such as staying physically and mentally active, eating well, avoiding tobacco and excess alcohol, staying socially connected, and managing chronic conditions—can meaningfully reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.