Circular RNA in Small Extracellular Vesicles (Ectosomes or Exosomes)


Brain derived Exosomal – Ectosomal Tau and Amyloid tests


Point of care blood based PTau217 testing ( using electrochemical or optical sensors )


Serpine1/PAI-1 levels in CSF ,Blood, or Blood Exosomes


EEG – Evoked Potentials focused on Prefrontal cortex


Photoencephalograms –

In the Dark Skull imaging using mid infrared and far infrared frequencies.


Metabolomic profiles show plasma beta hydroxy butyrate levels increase early in APOE4 carriers while Branched chain amino acids ( valine, isoluecine, leucine ) decrease in plasma but valine increases in the brain.

Blood and CSF Proteomic Profiles 2025 Nature Paper



Pathways to evaluate

  • Lysosomal System ( down regulated by AD )
  • Exosome System ( down regulated by AD)
  • Clathrin coated endosomal system – ( down regulated in AD)
  • Immune System – Inflammation markers increased
  • Mitochondrial – TCA , Electron Transport Chain, – use of fuel ( from glycogen-glucose to gluconeogenesis, or ketone use )