The Evolution of the Homo genus occurred about 3.2 Million years ago with the transposition of AluY into a prior AluSq element on Chromosome 6p22-23 in the CMAH gene. The transposition event occured in Australopithecines and resulted in the deletion of the active center of the CMP Neu5Ac Hydroxylase exon 6 segment (along with alterations in the 3 prime end of the gene). The Homo genus was born from this major alteration in glycobiology and became fixed with this genetic alteration by 2.9 Million years ago. The cause of activation of the AluY transposition is unknown. However, gorilla related malarial infections may have played a role in its natural selection while the immune system played a major role in its fixation in the population of about 10000 early Homos. It is possible that about 10 percent of the previous population of australopithecines developed the transposition at the same time due to sequence specific transposition/integration processes. Sympatric speciation then took hold. I hypothesize that the AluY transposition was activated by either by 1. A site specific transposase. 2. A Retrovirus OR 3 . inactivation of a transposon inhibitor.
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Ardipithecus Kadaba 5.6 MYA
Ardipithecus Ramidus 4.4 MYA
Austrolopithecus Anamensis (Africa -Kenya and Ethiopia ) 4.2-4.1 MYA
Australopithecus Afarensis 3.9 - 2.9 MYA (LUCY)
Australopithecus Africanus (South Africa) 2.85-2.0 MYA
Australopithecus Garhi (Africa-Ethiopia ) 2.6 MYA
Australopithecus Sediba 1.97 MYA
Homo Habilis versus Austropithecus Habilis (Africa ) 2.3-1.4 MYA
Homo gautengensis (Africa) 2.1M -600K YA
1 Homo Ergaster 2.5-1.7 MYA
5. Homo Georgicus (Europe -Georgia) 1.7M YA
6. Homo Antessesor (Europe- Spain and England) 1.2M -800K YA
2 Homo Erectus Type I (Asia) 1.8 MYA
4 Homo Erectus Type II (Asia) 1.2M -450K YA
3. Homo Floresiensis 750K-12K YA
Homo Denisovan 640K -40K YA (Asia)
8. Homo Heidelbergenis 600K-400K YA (South Africa and Spain)
7 Homo Cepranesis 450K YA (Italy)
10 Homo Neanderthal 500K-25K YA
9. Homo Helmei 350K-175K YA (South Africa)
Punctuated duplication seeding events during the evolution of human chromosome 2p11.
Chromosomal inversions between human and chimpanzee lineages caused by retrotransposons.
L1 recombination-associated deletions generate human genomic variation.
Alu-mediated inactivation of the human CMP- N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene
Fixation of the human-specific CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase pseudogene and implications of haplotype diversity for human evolution.
Repetitive Elements in X degenerate areas of Human Y chromosome
Uniquely Human evolution of sialic acid genetics and biology.
Human segmental duplications due to alu transpositions
Transcription regulation and transpotionsal selection by SINE elements
Continued colonization of the human genome by mitochondrial DNA.
